|
Boards
|
Hormone |
Type |
Source Male |
Source Female |
Action |
|
Progesterone |
Steroid |
NA |
Thecal cells
Large luteal cells
Corpus luteum |
Maintain pregnancy |
|
Estrogen |
Steroid |
(Sertoli cell) |
Granulosa cell
Follicle |
Estrus signs
Release LH |
|
Testosterone |
Steroid |
Interstitial cells of Leydig |
NA |
Masculine characteristics.
Needed for sperm production |
|
GnRH |
decapeptide |
hypothalamus |
hypothalamus |
Releases FSH and LH
(mostly LH) |
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
glycoprotein |
Anterior pituitary |
Anterior pituitary |
Growth of follicle past antral stage in female.
Stimulates sperm cell production in male. |
|
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
glycoprotein |
Anterior pituitary |
Anterior pituitary |
Female - causes ovulation
Female (maintains CL function in some)
Male - stimulates testosterone |
|
Prolactin |
glycoprotein |
Anterior pituitary |
Anterior Pituitary |
Female - bitch-luteotropic |
|
inhibin |
protein |
Sertoli cells |
Follicle - Granulosa cells |
Male - inhibits FSH to decrease sperm production
Female- inhibits FSH to prevent more follicular
growth |
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
glycoprotein |
na |
na |
Used to induce ovulation in mares and cats.
Old treatment for follicular cysts in cows |
|
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) |
glycoprotein |
na |
Equine only- endometrial cups.
Placental growth into endometrium.
30-120 days pregnancy.
Sloughed immunologically |
Luteinizes growing follicles in pregnant mares to
make secondary and accessory CLs |
|
Melatonin |
Indole amine |
pineal |
pineal |
Seasonality |
|
Prostaglandin |
20 carbon acid |
na |
endometrium |
Lysis of CL |
|
Oxytocin |
Nonapeptide (9 aa) |
na |
Posterior pituitary |
Milk letdown.
Luteolysis. |
|
Relaxin |
protein |
na |
Placenta in bitch.
CL in pig? & stallion? |
Relaxation of birth canal |
| |
Canine |
Feline |
Bovine |
Equine |
Ovine |
Caprine |
Porcine |
|
Seasonal? |
no |
Long days
Polyestrus |
No
Polyestrus |
Long days
Polyestrus |
Short days
Polyestrus |
Short days
Polyestrus |
No
Polyestrus |
|
Male/Female |
Dog/bitch |
Tom/queen |
Cow (heifer)/ bull |
Stallion/Mare |
Ram/ewe |
Buck/doe |
Boar/sow(gilt) |
|
Castrated |
Dog ( a sad one) |
cat |
steer |
gelding |
wether |
wether |
barrow |
|
Parturition |
whelp |
queen |
cavling |
foaling |
lambing |
kidding |
farrowing |
|
Offspring |
pup |
kitten |
calf |
Foal (fillie, colt) |
lamb |
kid |
piglet |
|
Puberty |
6 mo |
6 mo
Depends on time of season born) |
12 mo
60 % mature wt |
12-18 m |
6 mo
(Depends on time of season born) |
6 mo
(Depends on time of season born) |
5-6 m |
|
Estrous cycle length |
na |
na |
21 d |
21 d
(14 day diestrus) |
|
|
21 d |
|
Estrus length |
9 d
(9d proesrus
9 day estrus) |
8-10 d
1-2 d proesrus
May have :
1) diestrus if ovulates
2) interestrus followed by estrus if no ovulation
3) anestrus if no ovulation and season ends. |
24 h |
5-7 d
Shorter in summer |
24-36 h |
24-36 h |
2-3 d |
|
Artificial Insemination |
Vaginal
Fresh - EOD
Chilled - 3 and 5 or 4 and 6 after LH peak (determined by
initial P4 rise)
Frozen - 5 or 6 d after LH peak |
Vaginal
Rare - induce ovulation |
AM/PM rule -
See in morning, breed in evening etc.
Intrauterine |
With 35 mm follicle.
Intrauterine.
500 million cells.
Induce ovulation with hCG or GnRH analog (Ovulplant) |
Rare in US
AM/PM rule |
Rare in US/
AM/PM rule |
Corkscew AI pipette into cervix.
Breed on days 2 and 3 |
|
Gestation |
65 from LH
63 from ovulation
57 from 1st d diestrus |
66 d |
282 d |
330 d |
150 d |
150 d |
114 d |
|
Pregnancy recognition |
none |
none |
Interferon tau
(btp-1) |
Unknown
PGE ? |
otp-1 |
Cpt-1 ? |
Estrogen from embryo is luteotropic and redirects PGF to
uterine lumen away from CLs |
|
Pregnancy diagnosis |
Palpate 21-28 days from diestrus.
Ultrasound day 12 diestrus. (Heartbeat 24 d)
Relaxin blood test- > day 30 |
Palpate 21-28 days.
Ultrasound |
Palpate- day 35 (FMS, AV, fetus, cotyledons are positive
signs)
Ultrasond - day 24 - 28 d
Milk P4- 18-22 d after estrus (80% false +) |
Palpate - 35 d
Ultrasound - 12 days. (heartbeat 24 d) |
Ultrasound - 24 d |
Ultrasound - 24 d |
Ultrasound - a and b mode. external |
|
Cl needed throughout pregnancy |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No
Secondary Cl’s 30-120 days.
Placenta 120 on |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Induction of abortion |
PGF
Dexamethosone
Prolactin inhibitors (bromocriptine, cabergoloine) |
PGF after day 30 |
PGF before 3 mo.
Estrogen/corticosteroid 2-6 mo.
Cortocosteroid 6 m - term
|
PGF before day 30.
Multiple PGF day 30 -120.
Manual after day 120. |
PGF before day 50.
After day 50 dexamethasone |
PGF |
PGF |
|
Induction of parturition |
na |
na |
PGF
Dexamethasone (retained placenta common) |
Oxytocin- if milk Ca is > 400 (200) ppm, 330 days,
relaxed ligaments |
Dexamethasone |
Dexamethasone |
PGF and oxytocin @ 112 days |
|
Ovulation |
3-4 d of estrus |
Estrus (induced) |
18 after end estrus.
24-30 h after LH peak |
Out of estrus 2 days after ovulation |
24- 30h after onset estrus.
24-30 h after LH peak |
24- 30h after onset estrus.
24-30 h after LH peak |
Day 2 estrus |
|
Induction of estrus |
Ensure 150 days interestrus.
DES 5 days.
Prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline, bromocriptine) |
FSH |
|
Out of season. Lights on Dec 1 16 hours. |
Out of season.
Progesterone/FSH or eCG |
Out of season.
Progesterone/FSH or eCG |
PG 600
(eCG + LH) |
|
Other |
6 month interestrus |
Induced ovulator (depends on time of mating, number of
matings and mating interval) |
|
|
|
Progesterone/FSH or eCG |
|
|
Estrus synchronization |
na |
HCG or GnRH to induce ovulation |
11 day double injection of PGF.
Progestagen for 14 days |
PGF or
14 days ReguMate (allytrenbolone) |
PGF or
Progestagens for 10-14 days |
PGF or
Progestagens for 10-14 days |
Breed and abort with PGF.
5-7 days post weaning. |
|
First postpartum estus |
na |
2 wk (some say depends on nursing kittens - nursing is
longer) |
21 days dairy
2 m beef - depends on nutrution |
9 days |
na |
Progestagens for 10-14 days |
5-7 days post weaning |
|
Embryo transfer |
Not done |
Not done |
Collect at 7 days and transfer to synchronized recipient
non surgical. |
Collect at 7 days and transfer to synchronized recipient
non surgical. |
Non surgical collecton.
Surgical implant. |
Non surgical collection.
Surgical implant. |
Surgical |
|
Common problems |
Pyometra during diestrus.
Dx - hi WBC, left shift, isostehnuria, hi BUN
Rx - prostaglandins |
Pyometra during diestrus or anestrus.
Dx - WBC depends on progesterone (higher during diestrus),
BUN
Rx - prostaglandins |
Pyometra - fluid filled uterus with pus and CL
Rx- PGF |
Reatained placenta > 4-6 h
Rx- oxytocin or fill placenta.
Sequel - laminitis |
Ringwomb - cervix does not dlate -
Rx - C-section |
Surgical implant. |
|
| |
Breeding management - counting days |
"Persistent estrus" caused by short intersetrus
interval if ovulation not induced. |
Cysts (follicular) -> 2.5 cm fluid filled w/o CL
Rx - GnRH to luteinize (may follow with PGF in 10 -14 d
for luteolysis) |
Delayed uterine clearance.
All mares infected at breeding. Some cannot clear.
Rx- oxytocin and/or uterine flush. |
|
Pseudocyesis (cloudburst)
Rush of fluid at expected parturition in a non pregnant
doe. |
Mummies - indicates parvovirus infection. |
| |
Brucella canis- abortion, stillbirth, orchitis.
Dx - RSAT - 60 % false +.
AGID - more definitive.
Culture definitive. |
|
Estrus detection problems |
|
|
|
|
| |
Pseudopregnancy (overt), Pseudogentra-
Milk and psychologic behavior at expected whelping in non
pregnant bitch. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Bull |
Stallion |
Boar |
Dog |
Cat |
|
Testis orientation |
cauda down |
cauda down |
perineal, cauda up |
horizontal |
perineal, cauda up |
|
Ampullae |
cauda down |
cauda down |
_ |
+? |
_ |
|
Seminal vesicle |
+ |
+ |
+ |
_ |
_ |
|
Prostate |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
Bulbourethral gland |
+ |
+ |
++ |
_ |
+ |
|
Penis type |
fibroelastic |
vascular |
fibroelastic |
vascular, os |
vascular, os |
|
Copulation duration |
1 second |
20 sec |
6 min |
20 min |
seconds |
|
Volume (typical) |
5 cc |
60 cc |
200 cc |
20 cc |
0.04 cc |
|
Sperm conc. |
1.2 |
.10 |
.15 |
NA |
1.7 |
|
Total cells in ejaculate |
6 |
6 |
30 |
.5 |
0.057 |
|
Site of semen deposition in female |
vagina |
cervix / uterus |
cervix |
vagina |
vagina |
Abortion table prepared by Dr. Sandra Murton in 2001
|
Abortion Agent
BOVINE |
Species affected |
Time of abortion |
Clinical signs and lesions |
Treatment and prevention |
|
Neospora |
Dairy cows
Abortion storms |
>3mo, most occur 4-6 mo |
Myocarditis and encephalitis |
None, hygiene |
|
Bovine Viral Diarrhea |
Most commonly diagnosed virus in bovine abortion cases |
42-125 d abortion or resorption, >125 d, abortion,
mummification, or clear virus |
None, herd serology if not recently vaccinated |
Removal of persistently affected cattle, and herd vaccination |
|
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis |
Bovine Herpesvirus 1
Cow with a positive IBR titer is a carrier |
4 mo to term
Carried to placenta in WBC
Placentitis 2 wk- 4 mo then infects fetus and kills it in 24hr |
Necrotic cotyledons, yellow edematous intercotyledonary areas.
Autolyzed fetus w/necrotic foci on liver |
Herd vaccination; intranasal, modified live virus and killed
virus vaccines are available |
|
Leptospirosis |
Bovine |
Last trimester 2-6 wk after maternal infection
Fetus dies 1-2 days before expulsion |
Diffuse placentitis, tan cotyledons and edematous
intercotyledonary areas
Phase-contrast leptospires and fluorescent antibody |
Remove feed and water contaminated by dogs, rats or wildlife
L. hardjo lifelong carriers
Vaccination every 6mo
zoonotic |
|
Brucellosis |
Bovine
Abortion or stillbirth |
2nd half of gestation (7mo) enter via mucous membranes |
Normal or autolytic fetus with bronchopneumonia, red to yellow
cotyledons |
Serology with fluorescent antibody of placenta and fetus
Test, slaughter, heifer vaccination
zoonotic |
|
Mycotic Abortion |
Aspergillus, Mucor, Absisia, Rhizopus
Sporadic abortion |
4mo to term
oral or respiratory lesions, hematogenous spread to placenta.
Often in winter |
Necrotizing placentitis, thick leathery intercotyledonary areas,
adventitious placentation. Dehydrated fetus |
Fetal skin lesions, hyphae, (especially on eyelids).
Avoid feeding moldy feed |
|
Actinomyces pyogenes |
Sporadic abortion. Present on mucous membranes of normal cows |
Last trimester
Autolyzed fetus, fibrinous pericarditis, pleuritis or peritonitis |
Endometritis and placentitis. Culture from placenta or abomasal
contents |
No effective bacterin is available |
|
Trichomonas |
Venereal disease and infertility, occasional abortion |
1st half of gestation |
Mild placentitis with hemorrhagic cotyledons, flocculent exudate
in intercotydedonary areas |
Prevented by AI using non-infected bulls |
|
Campylobacter
Veneralis
Fetus |
Venereal disease and infertility, occasional abortion
Ingestion and hematogenous spread |
5-8 mo of gestation
Sporadic abortion |
Darkfield examination of abomasal contents, histopathology |
Venereal transmission controlled by AI and vaccination |
|
Listeria |
Sporadic abortions |
Any stage of gestation
Dam may have fever and anorexia before abortion |
Fetus retained 2-3 days after death, autolytic
Pinpoint microabcesses on fetal liver, necrosis of cotyledons and
intercotyledonary areas |
Culture from fetus or placenta
No available bacterin
Zoonosis
Reportable disease |
|
Chlamydiosis |
Sporadic abortion |
After 4th month of gestation, usually last trimester |
Placentitis, fetal pneumonia and hepatitis
Stained smears of cotyledons or culture |
Ovine chlamydial vaccine has been used in cattle |
|
Epizootic Bovine Abortion |
Foothill abortion in California |
Last trimester
Argasid tick vector |
Seldom autolyzed, hepatomegaly, granulomatous nodular areas and
lymphomegaly
Fetal IgG increased |
Cows seldom abort in subsequent pregnancies. Expose heifers to
endemic areas before breeding age. |
|
SHEEP |
Time to abortion |
Diagnosis |
Diagnosis |
Treatment and prevention |
|
Campylobacter fetus (Vibriosis) |
Late pregnancy or stillbirths |
Metritis after abortion, placentitis, hemmorhagic necrotic cotyledons |
Fetus autolyzed, orange-yellow necrotic foci on liver |
Hygiene, vaccination, tetracycline helps prevent exposed ewes from
aborting |
|
Enzootic abortion of ewes
(Chlamydia psittaci)
|
Late abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs |
Giemsa stain of placenta or vaginal discharge for elementary bodies |
Fresh fetus, but necrotic cotyledons, thick intercotyledonary areas
with exudate |
Isolate all affected ewes and lambs
tetracycline
Killed ovine chlamydial vaccine |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
Early in gestation; resorption or mummification
Late; abortion or perinatal death |
Gray-white foci on cotyledons
Serology
|
Fetal brain leukoencephalomalacia on histology |
Once infected, ewes are immune
Remove cats from area
zoonosis |
|
Listeriosis |
Late gestation
zoonotic |
Necrosis or cotyledons and intercotyledonary area |
Autolyzed fetus, necrotic foci on fetal liver and lung
Culture |
Penicillin G,
Vaccination
Separate animals, avoid feeding silage
|
|
Brucellosis
B. melitensis
B. abortus |
Late gestation |
Placentitis with edema and necrosis of cotyledons |
Autolized fetus
Culture of placenta, abomasal contents, ewe’s vaginal discharge |
Vaccine for B. melitensis
zoonotic |
|
Salmonellosis |
Stress related |
Ewes are sick and febrile before aborting |
Fetus is autolyzed
Culture placenta, fetus or uterine discharge |
Cull carriers |
|
GOATS |
Time to abortion |
Diagnosis |
Diagnosis |
Treatment and prevention |
|
Chlamydia |
Late gestation Most common infectious abortion in goats |
Autolyzed or fresh fetus without specific lesions |
White to yellow necrotic foci on cotyledons and intercotyledonary areas |
Natural immunity lasts 3 yrs
Sheep vaccine
tetracyclines |
|
Toxoplasmosis |
Similar to ewes |
See above |
|
|
|
Leptospirosis
gryppotyphosa |
Sheep resistant, goats susceptible |
Abort at time of leptospiremia |
Anemia, icterus, hemoglobinemia
serology |
chlortetracycline |
|
Brucellosis
B.melitensis |
Fourth month |
Normal placenta
Chronic uterine lesions |
Lifelong infection with organisms shed in the milk |
Test and slaughter (card test)
zoonotic |
|
Listeriosis |
Sporadic abortion |
No specific fetal lesions
autolytic |
Doe may develop metritis after abortion |
Tetracycline in herd outbreaks |
|
PIGS |
Time to abortion |
Diagnosis |
Diagnosis |
Treatment and prevention |
| |
Time to abortion |
Diagnosis |
Diagnosis |
Treatment |
|
Porcine Parvovirus |
<70 days mummification or increased stillbirths |
Abortions are rare b/c endometrium not affected |
Fluorescent antibody test of mummies |
Killed vaccines
Natural immunity is lifelong |
|
Porcine enteroviurs |
Mummificationearly embryonic death, stillbirths |
Fecal-oral transmission |
Immunofluorescence of fetal tissues |
No vaccine available |
|
Pseudorabies |
Abortion at any stage of gestation |
Stillbirths, mummification, early embryonic death |
Fluorescent antibody or virus isolation |
Vaccinate every 6 mo
Cull as carriers
Eradication programs |
|
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome |
Late term abortions, stillbirths, weak neonates |
Respiratory disease, anorexia, vomiting |
Umbilical cord vasculitis
Virus isolation
Viral antigen testing |
No treatment
Isolate new pigs
Vaccine for piglets and non-pregnant sows |
|
Japanese B Encephalitis virus |
Not in USA |
SMEDI |
Teratogenic
|
Modified live virus vaccine |
|
Hog cholera |
Not in USA |
Severe maternal illness-abortion |
Mild maternal illness-SMEDI |
Vaccinate |
|
Letptospirosis
L. interrogans pomona |
Abortion 1-4wk after infection |
Mummificationmaceration, stillbirths, weak pigs "squeakers" |
Leptospires in fetal tissues or stomach contents |
Vaccination every 6mo
Streptomycin to eliminate carrier state |
|
Brucellosis
B.suis |
Any stage of gestation |
Endometritis and fetal infection |
Fetus may be autolyzed
Serology |
Test and slaughter |
|
HORSES |
Time to abortion |
Diagnosis |
Diagnosis |
Treatment |
|
Equine Rhinopneumonitis |
Abortion after 7mo of gestation |
No signs in mare, fetal subcutaneous edema, jaundice, incr. Volume of
thoracic fluid |
Intranuclear inclusions in necrotic lymphoid tissues and liver
Fluorescent antibody or fetal serology |
Vaccinate at 5, 7 and 9 months of gestation
Prevent exposure to horses attending shows |
|
Equine Viral Arteritis |
Abortion follows clinical cases by 6 to 29 days |
May be found in fetal myocardium or no lesions |
Venereal or aerosol spread |
Vaccine in some states |
|
Bacterial Abortions: |
|
|
|
|
|
Potomac Horse Fever Ehrlichia risticii |
Mid to late gestation |
Fetal lymphoid tissues |
Vaccination but |
efficiency in preventing abortion is unknown |
|
Ascending infections
|
Streptococcus, e.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella |
Placentitis, brown exudate near cervical star |
Severe autolysis
Culture from stomach contents |
None
|
|
Mycotic infections
Aspergillus, Mucor, Candida
|
Ascending infection |
Thickened chorioallantois with variable exudate
Pale enlarged liver or dermatitis |
Fetuses aborted in late gestation may be fresh, with growth retardation
Hyphae in placenta, liver, lung, or stomach |
None
|
|
